Wake-up signal sub-grouping for rel-16 emtc and nb-iot

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are described for wake-up signaling of user equipment (UE). The systems and methods can include at least generating, by the BS, a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling, and transmitting, by the BS, the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/829,588, filed Apr. 4, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are directed to a method of operating a base station (BS) for wake-up signaling of user equipment (UE). The method of operating can include at least generating, by the BS, a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling, and transmitting, by the BS, the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.

The method can further include generating, by the BS, the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.

The method can further include generating, by the BS, the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.

The method can further include generating, by the BS, the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe, and repeating, by the BS, over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.

The method can further include generating, by the BS, a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by

${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$

The method can further include M being a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes.

The method can further include the WUS being configured by a higher layer signaling.

Embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a base station (BS), cause the BS to perform operations including at least generating a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling, and transmitting the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.

The operations can further include generating the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.

The operations can further include generating the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.

The operations can further include generating the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe, and repeating over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.

The operations can further include generating a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by

${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$

The operations can further include M is a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes.

The operations can further include the WUS being configured by a higher layer signaling.

Embodiments are directed to a base station (BS). The BS can include at least a processor circuitry configured to generate a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling. The BS can further include a radio front end circuitry, coupled to the processor circuitry, configured to transmit the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.

The processor circuitry can be further configured to generate the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.

The processor circuitry can be further configured to generate the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.

The processor circuitry can be further configured to generate the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe, and repeat over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.

The processor circuitry can be further configured to generate a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by

${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$

In some embodiments, M can be a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a UE-Group WUS sequence generation, in accordance with embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates example separate time domain and frequency domain orthogonal cover codes.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example multiplexing between legacy Rel-15 and new Rel-16 WUS transmissions in the LTE eMTC case.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example multiplexing between legacy Rel-15 and new Rel-16 WUS transmissions in the NB-IoT case.

FIG. 5 depicts an architecture of a system of a network in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 depicts an architecture of a system including a first core network in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 depicts an architecture of a system including a second core network in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 8 depicts an example of infrastructure equipment in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 9 depicts example components of a computer platform in accordance with various embodiments

FIG. 10 depicts example components of baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 11 is an illustration of various protocol functions that may be used for various protocol stacks in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

FIG. 14 depicts an example procedure for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

The features and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B).

An enhancement for Rel-16 eMTC and for Rel-16 NB-IoT is to support UE-group wake-up signal (WUS) to improve UE power saving. Specifying support for UE-group WUS may provide improved DL transmission efficiency and/or UE power consumption. Specifying support for UE-group WUS. Embodiments herein provide mechanisms to support the UE-group WUS for both Rel-16 eMTC and NB-IoT.

WUS in eMTC and NB-IoT

WUS and/or DTX was introduced in Re 15 eMTC and NB-IoT for idle mode, where WUS is transmitted when there is at least one UE in the associated paging group to be waken up.

For frequency domain resource configuration, in NB-IoT, WUS is a 1-PRB signal. On the other hand, in eMTC, WUS is a 2-PRB signal with NB-IoT WUS repeated in the frequency domain over 2 continuous PRBs.

For time domain resource configuration, the WUS occupies last 11 symbols in a subframe, and can be repeated to achieve certain coverage. The number of repetitions can be configured via a scaling factor between maximum WUS duration and Rmax of MPDCCH candidate for paging. A non-zero gap from the end of configured maximum WUS duration to the associated PO is configurable by higher layer.

The WUS sequence comprises a length-131 ZC sequence and Gold sequence for RE-level scrambling. The WUS sequence w(m) in subframe x=0, 1, . . . , M−1 is defined by

${w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$

where M is the actual duration of WUS. For MWUS and NWUS, M is the transmitted number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes, 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), where M_(MWUXmax) is the maximum number of NMUS subframes or NWUS subframes.

The scrambling sequence c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) (i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M−1 is given by clause 7.2 in 3GPP TS 36.213, and is to be initialized at the start of the WUS (e.g., the MWUS or NWUS) with

$c_{init\_ WUS} = {{\left( {N_{ID}^{cell} + 1} \right)\left( {{\left( {{10n_{{f\_ start}{\_ PO}}} + \left\lfloor \frac{n_{{s\_ start}{\_ PO}}}{2} \right\rfloor} \right){mod}\ 2048} + 1} \right)2^{9}} + N_{ID}^{cell}}$

where n_(f_start_PO) is the first frame of the first PO to which the WUS is associated, and n_(s_start_PO) is the first slot of the first PO to which the WUS is associated.

In Rel-15 eMTC and NB-IoT, one WUS applies to all the UEs associated to the corresponding PO(s). By supporting sub-grouping of WUS, UE power saving can be further improved by reducing the probability of waking up a UE when the paging is for another UE associated to the same PO. Embodiments include WUS sub-grouping for eMTC and NB-IoT. In particular, embodiments include configuration and capability for UE-group WUS; mechanisms for determining the UE-groups; and mechanisms for multiplexing of WUS for different HE groups.

Configuration and Capability

For configuration of UE-group WUS, it can be enabled/disabled by higher layer signaling. In one example, the cell-specific signaling (e.g. SIB1-BR or SIBx-BR with x>1 for eMTC, and SIB1-NB or SIBy-NB with y>1 for NB-IoT) can be used for the configuration. The supported number of HE groups can be 1, 2, 3, or 4, etc. In one example, the maximum number of UE groups that can be supported by eMTC and NB-IoT can be different, e.g. up to 4 UE groups for eMTC and up to 2 UE groups in NB-IoT.

In one embodiment, the number of UE groups are fixed and may be defined in one or more relevant specifications. In another embodiment, the number of UE groups can be configured by higher layer signaling (e.g. via SIB as mentioned above).

For UE capability, in one embodiment, the HE can signal their capability regarding the support of UE-group WUS via legacy capability reporting procedure. In another embodiment, the Rel-16 UEs supporting the feature of WUS should support the UE-group WUS.

Embodiments for Determining the UE Sub-Groups

In one embodiment, the groups can depend on UE_ID (e.g. IMSI). In one example, the UE_ID can be IMSI mod 4096 for NB-IoT and IMSI mod 16384 for eMTC, as what is used to calculate the PO in Rel-13 NB-IoT and eMTC, respectively. Denote the number of UE groups by N_(G).

In one example, the UE group ID for a UE can be determined by UE_ID mod N_(G). Alternatively, the UE group ID for a UE can be floor(UE_ID/N) mod N_(G), where N=min(T, nB), T is the DRX cycle of the UE as defined in 36.304 and nB can be 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, T/32, T/64, T/128, T/256, and for NB-IoT also T/612 and T/1024.

In another example, the UE group ID for a UE can be determined by floor(UE_ID/N/Ns) mod NG, where N is defined as in above bullet, and Ns=max(1, nB/T). In another example, for eMTC, the UE group ID for a UE can be determined by floor(UE_ID/N/Ns/Nn) mod NG, where N and Ns are defined as above, and Nn is the number of paging narrowbands provided in system information. For NB-IoT, the UE group ID for a UE can be floor(UE_ID/N/Ns/W) mod NG, where N and Ns are defined as above, and W is the total weight of all NB-IoT paging carriers, i.e. W=W(0)+W(1)+ . . . +W(Nn−1). In another example, any of the above options can be combined with the use of a hashed version of the UE_ID (UE_ID_hashed) to better distribute the UEs across the WUS sub-groups. For instance, UE_ID_hashed=(A*UE_ID) mod D, where A and D are prime numbers, e.g., those defined for EPDCCH as in 3GPP TS 36.213.

In another embodiment, the UE group ID for a UE can be determined by floor(UE_ID_H is 10 most significant bits of the Hashed ID for eMTC [3GPP TS 36.304] and UE_ID _H is 10 most significant bits of the Hashed ID for eMTC [3GPP TS 36.304] and 12 most significant bits of the Hashed ID for NB-IoT [3GPP TS 36.304], and T_(eDRX,H) is the eDRX cycle of the UE in Hyper-frames. This can be used when UE is configured with eDRX.

In another embodiment, the groups can depend on C-RNTI assigned for the UE before it goes to Idle mode. For example, the UE group ID can be C-RNTI mod N_(G). However, this may not work in cases where other BSs in the same tracking area has no knowledge of the C-RNTI before UE goes to Idle mode.

Embodiments of WUS Support of UE Sub-Groups

In one embodiment, a common wake-up indication for all UE groups can be defined. This can be used for SI updates and direct indication information. With this embodiment, the WUS should be designed to support N_(G)+1 cases, i.e. N_(G)+1 distinguishable WUS multiplexed before corresponding PO need to be supported.

In one example, the WUS sequence and the resources allocated for Rel-15 UEs can be used for the common wake-up indication. With this example, the power saving for Rel-16 UEs may be reduced, since the common wake-up indication will be sent as long as there is at least one Rel-15 UE to be waken up in the corresponding PO.

In another example, the WUS sequences and the resources allocated for Rel-15 WUS can be used for WUS indication of one UE group for Rel-16 UEs. With this example, it would be equivalent to assign a sub-group of Rel-16 UEs and all Rel-15 UEs associated to the corresponding PO to the same group.

In yet another example, WUS sequences and/or the set of time/frequency resources for the WUS that are different from Rel-15 WUS can be used for all the Rel-16 UE groups and the common wake-up indication for all Rel-16 UE groups. With this example, for cases of SI updates or direct indication information, both the Rel-15 WUS and the WUS for common indication of all Rel-16 UE groups need to be sent to wake up all Rel-15 and Rel-16 UEs associated to the corresponding PO.

Embodiments for Multiplexing the WUS of different UE groups

In one embodiment, the WUS for different UE groups or common indication can be multiplexed in frequency domain. Recall that in Rel-15 eMTC, the WUS occupies 2 PRBs in the frequency domain, while there are 6 PRBs available in each narrowband. Up to 3 WUS can be multiplexed in the frequency domain within the narrowband. A mapping from PRB 0, 2 and 4 to the lowest PRB location of WUS for UE group 0, UE group 1 and common indication can be defined.

In one example, the mapping can be fixed in the spec, e.g. PRB 0 for UE group 0, PRB 2 for UE group 1 and PRB 4 for common WUS indication. Alternatively, the mapping can be configured by higher layer signaling. In other words, which is the lowest PRB location for UE group 0, UE group 1 and common WUS indication would be indicated by higher layer signaling.

In another example, the lowest PRB location for common WUS indication can be configured by higher layer (e.g. the same as the PRBs for Rel-15 WUS), while the remaining PRBs can be allocated in order for UE groups. Specifically, the PRBs with smaller indexes can be used for UE group 0, while the PRBs with larger indexes can be used for UE group 1.

In cases where the frequency domain multiplexing and code domain multiplexing (as elaborated below) are both used, the UE group 0 and UE group 1 in above examples can be replaced by UE groups i, i+1, i+X−1, and UE groups i+X, i+X+1, i+2X−1, respectively. The UE groups i, i+1, e e i+X−1 are allocated to the same set of PRBs and distinguishable by different sequences. Similarly, the UE groups i+X, i+X+1, i+2X-1 are allocated to the same set of PRBs and distinguishable by different sequences, where X is the number of WUS that can be multiplexed in the code domain.

On top of the frequency domain multiplexing within one narrowband, different narrowbands can he configured to multiplex WUS for more UE groups associated to the same PO. For example, N_(NB) can be configured, which allows the support of up to 3N_(NB) UE groups. The narrowband associated to a UE group can be signaled by higher layer, e.g. as a part of the UE-group WUS configuration. Alternatively, the NBs across which the WUS sub-groups corresponding to a paging NB (PNB) are distributed are the same as the set of NBs for paging monitoring, following an ascending order of indexing of each 2-PRB sets within each of the PNBs with wrap-around, i.e., for a sequence of PNBs (s_(j), s_(j+1), . . . , s_(j+n) . . . s_(h+Nn−1)), the WUS-freq-domain resources can be identified as (0, 1, 2, . . . , (Nn*3−1)) such that resource indices #0, #1, #2 belong to NB s_(j), #3, #4, #5 belong to NB s_(j+1), etc. Thus, determination of the UE-sub-group automatically leads to identification of the corresponding NB and the particular 2-PRB set within the NB to monitor for WUS.

With these procedures, frequency retuning would be needed for switching from the narrowband to monitor WUS to the narrowband for paging monitoring. In one example, the configured gap duration between the end of maximum WUS duration to the start of associated PO can be used for the frequency retuning.

For NB-IoT, multiple NB-IoT DL carriers can be configured to multiplex WUS for different UE groups in the frequency domain. The NB-IoT DL carrier associated to the UE group can be configured by higher layer, e.g. as a part of the UE-group WUS configuration. Alternatively, the NB-IoT DL carrier associated to a UE group for WUS monitoring may be determined similar to the determination of paging carrier in the case of NB-IoT paging with multiple carriers. That is, for N_(wus) NB-IoT DL carriers with WUS, the UE group and thus the carrier for WUS monitoring can be given as the carrier with the smallest n that satisfies floor(UE_ID/N/Ns) mod W<W(0)+W(1)+ . . . +W(n), where W=W(0)+W(1)+ . . . +W(N_(wus)−1). Note that, here, to realize additional frequency domain multiplexing beyond the paging carriers, N_(wus) should be greater than Nn, where Nn is the number of NB-IoT DL carriers associated with paging.

With these procedures, frequency retuning would be needed for switching from the DL carrier to monitor WUS to the DL carrier for paging monitoring. In one example, similar to what has been mentioned above for eMTC, the configured gap duration between the end of maximum WUS duration to the start of associated PO can be used for the frequency retuning.

In another embodiment, different WUS sequences can be defined for different UE groups and/or common WUS indication.

In one example, time-domain cyclic shifts can be used. For example, similar to NSSS, 4 cyclic shifts {0, 33, 66, 99} can be used. Alternatively, 2 or 3 cyclic shifts can be used, e.g. {0, 66} or {33, 99} for 2 cyclic shifts, and {0, 44, 88} can be used for 3 cyclic shifts. With cyclic shift of 0, the sequence is the same as Rel-15 WUS. Which cyclic shifts to be used for which UE group can be fixed in spec, or configured by higher layer.

Alternatively, the initialization of gold sequence for Rel-15 WUS can be modified to include the UE group ID. For example, the scrambling sequence c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) (i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M−1, and can be initialized at the start of the WUS with

$c_{init\_ WUS} = {{\left( {N_{ID}^{cell} + 1} \right)\left( {{\left( {{10n_{{f\_ start}{\_ PO}}} + \left\lfloor \frac{n_{{s\_ start}{\_ PO}}}{2} \right\rfloor} \right){mod}\ 2048} + 1} \right)2^{9}} + N_{ID}^{cell} + G_{ID}}$

where G_(ID) is the UE group ID. Note that the above equation with the update of UE group ID is just an example, while other ways to carry the UE ID information in WUS sequence are not precluded.

In another example, the UE group ID G_(ID), the cell ID N_(ID) ^(cell) and the variables determining the start of the WUS in the time domain, i.e., n_(f_start_PO) and n_(s_start_PO), are combined in a non-linear manner in the expression for c_(init_WUS) as shown below:

$c_{init\_ WUS} = {{\left( {N_{ID}^{cell} + 1} \right)\left( {G_{ID} + 1} \right)\left( {{\left( {{10n_{{f\_ start}{\_ PO}}} + \left\lfloor \frac{n_{{s\_ start}{\_ PO}}}{2} \right\rfloor} \right){mod}\ 2048} + 1} \right)2^{9}} + N_{ID}^{cell} + {G_{ID}.}}$

In some other examples, different multipliers, which are power of 2, can be applied to individual terms of the expression for c_(init_WUS) as illustrated below:

$c_{init\_ WUS} = {{\left( {N_{ID}^{cell} + 1} \right)\left( {G_{ID} + 1} \right)\left( {{\left( {{10n_{{f\_ start}{\_ PO}}} + \left\lfloor \frac{n_{{s\_ start}{\_ PO}}}{2} \right\rfloor} \right){mod}\ 2048} + 1} \right)2^{12}} + N_{ID}^{cell} + 2^{3} + {G_{ID}.}}$

Another way to generate different WUS sequences for multiple UE groups is to generate a long scrambling sequence 102 as shown in FIG. 1, defined as c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) (i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M·N_(grp) ^(UE)−1, using the same initialization value v_(init_WUS). Here N_(grp) ^(UE) is the total number of UE groups. Then, a particular WUS sequence is generated by selecting a proper part of length (2·132M) from the long scrambling sequence. In other words, the scrambling sequence for WUS corresponding to a UE group with ID v, v=0, 1, . . . , N_(grp) ^(UE)−1, is determined as follows:

c _(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s,) _(v)(i′)=c _(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) (i′+2·132M·v), i′=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M−1.

In this example, the WUS with group ID v=0 corresponds to the legacy Rel-15 WUS. The proposed approach to UE-group WUS sequence generation is illustrated in FIG. 1.

Therefore, the UE-group WUS sequence is defined by

${w_{v}(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}(m)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}$ v = 0, 1, …  , N_(grp)^(UE) − 1 m = 0, 1, …  , 132 M − 1 $n = {{m\mspace{11mu}{mod}\; 132{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)}} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {2m} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {2m} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {2m} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {2m} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},{n_{s}v}}\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.}$

where M is the transmitted number of WUS subframes, 1≤M≤M_(WUSmax), where M_(WUSmax) is the maximum number of WUS subframes as defined in3GPP TS 36.213 [4].

The scrambling sequence c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) _(,v),(i′)=c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) ,(i′+2·132M·v), i′=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M−1, where the scambling sequence c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) _(,v)(i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M·N_(grp) ^(UE)−1, shall be initialized at the start of the WUS with

$c_{init\_ WUS} = {{\left( {N_{ID}^{cell} + 1} \right)\left( {{\left( {{10n_{{f\_ start}{\_ PO}}} + \left\lfloor \frac{n_{{s\_ start}{\_ PO}}}{2} \right\rfloor} \right){mod}\ 2048} + 1} \right)2^{9}} + N_{ID}^{cell}}$

where n_(f_start_PO) is the first frame of the first PO to which the MWUS is associated, and n_(s_start_PO) is the first slot of the first PO to which the MWUS is associated.

Low mutual cross-correlation is one of design targets for UE-group WUS sequences. Generally, sequences with low cross-correlation are better distinguishable from each other at the UE receiver. Therefore, in some embodiments an orthogonal cover codes in the time domain can be used on top of Rel-15 WUS sequence w(m). It is illustrated in FIG. 2 where for each subframe of WUS signal the time domain orthogonal cover code (TD OCC) 202 is applied (all subcarrier signals from each OFDM symbol are pre-multiplied by corresponding symbol from TD OCC 202).

Since the WUS signal occupies 11 OFDM symbols of a subframe, the TD OCC 202 has a length equal to 11. In some embodiments the Barker code of length 11 is used as TD OCC 202, where Barker code is the following:

a(l)=[1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 −1].

In that case, difference cyclic shifts (CS) of the base Barker code are used to produce a set of unique TD OCCs 202 corresponding to different UE groups.

Referring to FIG. 2, in addition to TD OCC 202, in some other embodiments, frequency domain orthogonal cover codes (FD OCCs) 204 can be applied to every subframe containing WUS (each subcarrier signal of every OFDM symbol is pre-multiplied by corresponding symbol from FD OCC 204) as also illustrated in FIG. 2. Some embodiments has columns of the following matrix as different FD OCCs 204 corresponding to different UE groups:

$G = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} \\ 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} \\ 1 & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} \\ 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & {- 1} \\ 1 & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} \\ 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & {- 1} & 1 & 1 & 1 & {- 1} \end{bmatrix}$

Therefore, the UE-group WUS sequence is defined as follows:

${{w_{v}(m)} = {{w(m)} \cdot {a\left( {\left( {\left\lfloor \frac{m}{12} \right\rfloor + v} \right){mod}\; 11} \right)} \cdot {g_{v}\left( {m\mspace{11mu}{mod}\; 12} \right)}}},{v = 0},1,\ldots\mspace{14mu},{N_{grp}^{UE} - 1},{m = 0},1,\ldots\mspace{14mu},{{132M} - 1},$

where a(l) is the length-11 Barker code and g_(v) is the v-th column from matrix G. w(m) is the legacy Rel-15 WUS sequences already defined in the technical specification.

in another embodiment, different time domain resources can be configured for different UE groups associated to the same PO. Recall that in Rel-15, time domain resources for WUS is determined by the configurable maximum WUS duration and the configurable gap between the end of the maximum WUS duration to the start of the associated PO. To support multiplexing of WUS for different UE groups in time domain,

For eMTC, the starting subframe of WUS transmission for a UE group can be the latest subframe such that there are Lwus BL/CE DL subframes before the start of next WUS to be transmitted for another UE group associated to the same PO, and there are Lgap subframes from the start of the associated PO, where Lwus is the configured maximum WUS duration, and Lgap is the configured gap between the end of maximum WUS duration to the start of associated PO for the UE. If it is the last WUS to be transmitted before the associated PO, the start of the WUS is the latest subframe such that there are Lwus BL/CE DL subframes followed by Lgap subframes before the start of the associated PO.

For NB-IoT, similar to eMTC, the starting subframe of WUS transmission for a UE group can be the latest subframe such that there is a total of Lwus NB-IoT DL subframes and subframes carrying SIB1-NB before the start of next WUS to be transmitted for another UE group associated to the same PO, and there are Lgap subframes from the start of the associated PO, where Lwus is the configured maximum WUS duration, and Lgap is the configured gap between the end of maximum WUS duration to the start of associated PO for the UE. If it is the last WUS to be transmitted before the associated PO, the start of the WUS is the latest subframe such that there is a total of Lwus NB-IoT DL subframes and subframes carrying SIB1-NB followed by Lgap subframes before the start of the associated PO. In addition, the NB-IoT LIE can assume there are at least 10 NB-IoT DL subframes between the end of WUS and first associated PO, as in Rel-15 design.

The multiplexing of WUS in time domain can be combined with above embodiments (e.g. multiplexing in frequency domain and/or code domain). For example, two set of time resources can be configured for WUS of different UE groups associated to the same PO, and on top of it, 2 cyclic shifts can be used. With this method, WUS for two Rel-16 UE groups can be multiplexed via cyclic shifts in the first set of time domain resources, while the common WUS indication and WUS for Rel-15 UEs can be multiplexed in the 2^(nd) set of time domain resources. For backward compatibility, the 2^(nd) set of time domain resources are configured in the same way as in Rel-15 WUS time resource configuration, and cyclic shift of 0 is used for the WUS for Rel-15 UEs. In some embodiments, to provide the same WUS detection performance for the legacy Rel-15 UEs, the legacy Rel-15 WUS is transmitted in a separated time resource and is not further multiplexed with other WUS by means of frequency and/or code division multiplexing (FDM and/or CDM, respectively). All other WUS are transmitted in a different time resource and can be further multiplexed using FDM and/or CDM. This multiplexing strategy allows applying power boosting to the legacy WUS transmission. In addition, it avoids interference within the serving cell from the new WUS associated with the same PO as the legacy WUS. The proposed multiplexing approach 300 is illustrated in FIG. 3 for LTE eMTC case.

For NB-IoT case, very similar approach can be reused but taking into account that an NB-IoT carrier bandwidth is equal to one Physical Resource Block (PRB), thus, substantially reducing FDM opportunity. The proposed multiplexing approach 400 is illustrated in FIG. 4 for the NB-IoT case.

Note that with time domain multiplexing, the gap between the WUS and the start of associated. PO may be quite large, especially when the configured maximum WUS duration is large. This may impact the UE power saving gain. Thus, in one example, the time domain multiplexing can be supported only when the maximum WUS duration is limited, e.g. no more than certain threshold, e.g. 16 or 32 for eMTC and 256 or 512 for NB-IoT. The threshold can be fixed or defined by one or more relevant specifications, or the threshold can be configurable.

As discussed above, different combinations of above embodiments can be supported. For example, for eMTC, besides the up to 3 possible WUS multiplexed in frequency domain, X different WUS sequences can be introduced for UE sub-grouping, and Y different WUS locations in the time domain can be configured for UE sub-grouping. Thus, up to 3*X*Y UE groups can be supported. Similarly, for NB-IoT, with X different WUS sequences and Y different sets of time domain resources for WUS, up to X*Y UE groups can be supported. In some examples, the number of UE groups that can be supported can be 1 or 2 less than 3*X*Y for eMTC and X*Y for NB-IoT, considering the remaining ones for common WUS indication and/or WUS for Rel-15 UEs.

Following the different multiplexing options and their possible combinations, the overall configuration of multiple MWUS transmissions for different UE groups is summarized next to realize the maximum configuration flexibility.

Towards this, first we present (from TS 36.331), and as shown below in Table 1, the configuration for MTC Wake-Up Signal (MWUS) as currently defined in Rel-15 and broadcasted in a cell as part of SI message.

TABLE 1 Configuration for MWUS -- ASN1START WUS-Config-r15 ::= SEQUENCE {  maxDurationFactor-r15   ENUMERATED {one32th, one16th, one8th, one4th},  numPOs-r15 ENUMERATED {n1, n2, n4, spare1} DEFAULT n1,  freqLocation-r15 ENUMERATED {n0, n2, n4, spare1},  timeOffsetDRX-r15  ENUMERATED {ms40, ms80, ms160, ms240},  timeOffset-eDRX-Short-r15    ENUMERATED {ms40, ms80, ms160, ms240},  timeOffset-eDRX-Long-r15    ENUMERATED {ms1000, ms2000} OPTIONAL -- Need OP  }

Table 2 below shows the MWUS configuration field descriptions.

TABLE 2 MWUS configuration field descriptions WUS-Config field descriptions freqLocation Frequency location of WUS within paging narrowband for BL UEs and UEs in CE. Value n0 corresponds to WUS in the 1st and 2nd PRB, value n2 represents the 3rd and 4th PRB, and value n4 represents the 5th and 6th PRB. maxDurationFactor Parameter “alpha” in TS 36.211 [21]. Maximum WUS duration, expressed as a ratio of Rmax associated with Type 1-CSS, see TS 36.211 [21]. Va1ue one32th corresponds to Rmax * 1/32, value one 16th corresponds to Rmax * 1/16 and so on. The value considered by the UE is: maxDuration = Max (signalled value * Rmax, 1) where Rmax is the value of mpdcch-NumRepetitionPaging for the carrier. numPOs Number of consecutive Paging Occasions (PO) mapped to one WUS, applicable to UEs configured to use extended DRX, see TS 36.304 [4]. Value n1 corresponds to 1 PO, value n2 corresponds to 2 POs and so on. timeOffsetDRX Minimum time gap in milliseconds from the end of the configured maximum WUS duration to the first associated PO, see TS 36.211 [21]. Value ms40 corresponds to 40 ms, value ms80 corresponds to 80 ms and so on. timeOffset-eDRX-Short When eDRX is used, the short non-zero gap in milliseconds from the end of the configured maximum WUS duration to the associated PO, see TS 36.211 [21]. Value ms40 corresponds to 40 ms, value ms80 corresponds to 80 ms and so on. E-UTRAN configures timeOffset-eDRX-Short to a value longer than or equal to timeoffsetDRX. timeOffset-eDRX-Long When eDRX is used, the long non-zero gap in milliseconds from the end of the configured maximum WUS duration to the associated PO, see TS 36.211 [21]. Value ms1000 corresponds to 1000 ms and value ms2000 corresponds to 2000 ms. If the field is absent, UE uses timeOffset-eDRX- Short for monitoring WUS.

Accordingly, in an example, SIB signaling may configure additional WUS configurations corresponding to different WUS transmissions associated with one or a set of consecutive POs. In the following we assume a WUS sequence generation by performing scrambling with different parts of a longer Gold sequence c_(n) _(f) _(,n) _(s) (i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M·N_(grp) ^(UE)−1 as described above. However, these considerations can be applied to any other choice of WUS sequence generation as well. The configuration for each new WUS group may include one or more of:

WUS group ID (v), the range of which can be specified as 0 through 4 (i.e., N_(grp) ^(UE)=5) for eMTC and 0 through 3 (i.e., N_(grp) ^(UE)=4) for NB-IoT respectively. Alternatively, the maximum number of groups can be configured via SIB signaling. v=0 may be reserved for the Rel-15 WUS. The total number of WUS groups indicated by the network may or may not include the common group-WUS, and the exact number of UE-groups for WUS may be determined by the UEs based on information on whether the common group-WUS is configured or not in the cell.

Starting PRB within a narrowband (0, 2, 4)—applicable only for eMTC maxDurationFactor, indicating the maximum number of repetitions of the WUS. In an example, this factor is specified as the same as indicated for the Rel-15 WUS configuration. Alternatively, a single value of the maxDurationFactor may be configured as a common value for all non-Rel-15 WUS groups. As yet another alternative, the maxDurationFactor value may be configured for each new WUS group.

timeOffset values from the PO (and thereby, the starting subframe) for the new WUS groups can be indicated in various ways as described below

For the case when at least all the new WUS have the same maxDurationFactor, a new parameter timeLocationIndex can be configured for each new WUS group to indicate the location of the WUS with respect to the PO or with respect to the Rel-15 WUS starting subframe. Thus, a value of timeLocationIndex=0 implies the location for this group is the latest WUS occasion before the PO, timeLocationIndex=1 implies the location for this group is right before the very last WUS occasion, and so on. In an example, the maximum value of timeLocationindex may be specified as either 2 or 3 (for eMTC) and as 1 or 2 (for NB-IoT).

If the Rel-15 WUS is assumed as the last WUS transmission before the PO, the relative location for new WUS occasions can be deter mined based on the timeLocationindex value and the maxDurationFactor for Rel-15 WUS.

Generalizing this, wherein each group is configured separately with maxDurationFactor and timeLocationIndex values, all UEs using the UE-group-WUS feature can calculate the corresponding starting subframe for each WUS group.

Indication of common group-WUS can be realized implicitly by reserving one of the group indices as a common group-WUS wherein all Rel-I6 UEs supporting this feature are expected to monitor for WUS in addition to monitoring for WUS in their respective UE-group (as determined by UE-ID). In an example, the group ID v=(N_(grp) ^(UE)−1) can be used to identify the common group-WUS. Alternatively, v=1 can be used. Such a common group-WUS may be optionally configured by the eNB, and when present, it may be configured to overlap with one of the HE-groups in physical time-frequency resources.

Mapping WUS to Resource Elements

The same antenna port are to be used for all symbols of the MWUS within a subframe, and the same antenna port are to be used for all symbols of the NWUS within a subframe. The UE is to not assume that the MWUS and/or the NWUS is transmitted on the same antenna port as any of the downlink reference signals or synchronization signals. If only one CRS port is configured by the eNB, the UE may assume the transmission of all MWUS subframes is using the same antenna port; otherwise, the UE can assume the transmission of MWUS in at least one subframe is using the same antenna port. if only one NRS port is configured by the eNB, the UE may assume the transmission of all NWUS subframes is using the same antenna port; otherwise, the UE can assume the transmission of NWUS in at least one subframe is using the same antenna port.

The UE is to not expect MWUS or NWUS to be transmitted in subframes carrying system information blocks. Non-BL/CE subframes are not counted when determining the maximum or actual MWUS transmission duration. Non-NB-IoT DL subframes, except for SIB1-NB subframes, are not counted when determining the maximum or actual NWUS transmission duration.

The MWUS bandwidth is 2 consecutive PRBs, the frequency location of the lowermost PRB signaled by higher layers. For both PRB pairs in the frequency domain, for which MWUS is defined, the MWUS sequence w(m) shall be mapped to resource elements (k, l) in sequence, starting with w(0) in increasing order of first the index k=0,1, . . . , NR_(sc) ^(RB)−1, over the 12 assigned subcarriers and then the index l=3, 4, . . . , 2 N_(symb)−1 in each subframe in which MWUS is transmitted.

A resource element (k, l) overlapping with resource elements where cell-specific reference signals according to clause 6.10 are transmitted shall not be used for MWUS transmission but is counted in the mapping process.

On an NB-IoT carrier for which a UE receives higher-layer parameter operationModeInfo indicating inband-SamePCI, inband-DifferentPCI, guardband or standalone or on an NB-IoT carrier for which DL-CarrierConfigCommon-NB is present, the NWUS sequence w(m) shall be mapped to resource elements (k, l) in sequence, starting with w(0) in increasing order of first the index k=0,1, . . . , N_(sc) ^(RB)−1, over the 12 assigned subcarriers and then the index l=3, 4, . . . , 2N_(symb) ^(DL)−1 in each subframe in which NWUS is transmitted.

Additionally, on an NB-IoT carrier for which a UE receives higher-layer parameter operationModeInfo indicating guardband or standalone, or on an NB-IoT carrier for which DL-CarrierConfigCommon-NB is present and no inbandCarrierInfo is present, the resource mapping for the first three OFDM symbols in the subframe is performed as follows:

-   -   The resource element (k,7) is mapped to resource element (k,0)         of every index k over 12 assigned subcarriers     -   The resource element (k,8) is mapped to resource element (k,1)         of every index k over 12 assigned subcarriers     -   The resource element (k,9) is mapped to resource element (k,2)         of every index k over 12 assigned subcarriers

A resource element (k, 1) overlapping with resource elements where cell-specific reference signals according to clause 6.10 are transmitted or NRSs according to clause 10.2.6 are transmitted shall not be used for NWUS transmission but is counted in the mapping process.

Systems and Implementations

FIG. 5 illustrates an example architecture of a system 500 of a network, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system 500 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WLAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like.

As shown by FIG. 5, the system 500 includes UE 501 a and UE 501 b (collectively referred to as “UEs 501” or “UE 501”). In this example, UEs 501 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, any of the UEs 501 may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

The UEs 501 may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with an or RAN 510. In embodiments, the RAN 510 may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 510 that operates in an NR or 5G system 500, and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 510 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 500. The UEs 501 utilize connections (or channels) 503 and 504, respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below).

In this example, the connections 503 and 504 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs 501 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 505. The ProSe interface 505 may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface 505 and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH.

The UE 501 b is shown to be configured to access an AP 506 (also referred to as “WLAN node 506,” “WLAN 506,” “WLAN Termination 506,” “WT 506” or the like) via connection 507. The connection 507 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IFEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 506 would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP 506 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE 501 b, RAN 510, and AP 506 may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE 501 b in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node 511 a-b to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE 501 b using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection 507) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection 507. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets.

The RAN 510 can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes 511 a and 511 b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 511” or “RAN node 511”) that enable the connections 503 and 504. As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 511 that operates in an NR or 5G system 500 (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 511 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 500 (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes 511 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocelis or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes 511 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 511; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 511; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 511. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 511 to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 511 may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual Fl interfaces (not shown by FIG. 5). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g., FIG. 8), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 510 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 511 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 501, and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN 720 of FIG. 7) via an NG interface (discussed infra).

In V2X scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes 511 may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 501 (vUEs 501). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network.

Any of the RAN nodes 511 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 501. In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 511 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 510 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

In embodiments, the UEs 501 can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 511 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 511 to the UEs 501, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

According to various embodiments, the UEs 501 and the RAN nodes 511, 512 communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band.

To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs 501, and the RAN nodes 511, 512 may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs 501, and the RAN nodes 511, 512 may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs 501, RAN nodes 511, 512, etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold.

Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE 501 or AP 506, or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and a MCAT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements.

The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidths of each CC is usually the same for DL and UL.

CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE 501, to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the LIE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within a same subframe.

The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 501. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 501 about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared. channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 501 b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 511 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 501. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 501.

The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN nodes 511 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 512. In embodiments where the system 500 is an LTE system (e.g., when CN 520 is an EPC 620 as in FIG. 6), the interface 512 may be an X2 interface 512. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 511 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC 520, and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 520. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE 501 from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 501; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality.

In embodiments where the system 500 is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN 520 is an 5GC 720 as in FIG. 7), the interface 512 may be an Xn interface 512. The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 511 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC 520, between a RAN node 511 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC 520 and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC 520. In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 501 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 511. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 511 to new (target) serving RAN node 511; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 511 to new (target) serving RAN node 511. A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein.

The RAN 510 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network in this embodiment, core network (CN) 520. The CN 520 may comprise a plurality of network elements 522, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 501) who are connected to the CN 520 via the RAN 510. The components of the CN 520 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 520 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 520 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

Generally, the application server 530 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server 530 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 501 via the EPC 520.

In embodiments, the CN 520 may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC 520” or the like), and the RAN 510 may be connected with the CN 520 via an NG interface 513. In embodiments, the NG interface 513 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface 514, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 511 and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface 515, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 511 and AMFs. Embodiments where the CN 520 is a 5GC 520 are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 7.

In embodiments, the CN 520 may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC 520” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN 520 may be an EPC). Where CN 520 is an EPC (referred to as “EPC 520” or the like), the RAN 510 may be connected with the CN 520 via an S1 interface 513. In embodiments, the S1 interface 513 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 514, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 511 and the S-GW, and the S1-MMF interface 515, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 511 and MMEs. An example architecture wherein the CN 520 is an EPC 520 is shown by FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example architecture of a system 600 including a first CN 620, in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, system 600 may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN 620 is an EPC 620 that corresponds with CN 520 of FIG. 5. Additionally, the UE 601 may be the same or similar as the UEs 501 of FIG. 5, and the E-UTRAN 610 may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN 510 of FIG. 5, and which may include RAN nodes 511 discussed previously. The CN 620 may comprise MMFs 621, an S-GW 622, a P-GW 623, a HSS 624, and a SGSN 625.

The MMFs 621 may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement MM functions to keep track of the current location of a UE 601. The MMEs 621 may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE 601, provide user identity confidentiality, and/or perform other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE 601 and the MME 621 may include an MM or EMM sublayer, and an MM context may be established in the UE 601 and the MME 621 when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE 601. The MMEs 621 may be coupled with the HSS 624 via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN 625 via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW 622 via an S11 reference point.

The SGSN 625 may be a node that serves the UE 601 by tracking the location of an individual UE 601 and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN 625 may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs 621; handling of UE 601 time zone functions as specified by the MMEs 621; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs 621 and the SGSN 625 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states.

The HSS 624 may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions. The EPC 620 may comprise one or several HSSs 624, depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 624 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 624 and the MMEs 621 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC 620 between HSS 624 and the MMEs 621.

The S-GW 622 may terminate the S1 interface 513 (“S1-U” in FIG. 6) toward. the RAN 610, and routes data packets between the RAN 610 and the EPC 620. In addition, the S-GW 622 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW 622 and the MMEs 621 may provide a control plane between the MMEs 621 and the S-GW 622. The S-GW 622 may be coupled with the P-GW 623 via an S5 reference point.

The P-GW 623 may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN 630. The P-GW 623 may route data packets between the EPC 620 and external networks such as a network including the application server 530 (alternatively referred to as an “AF”) via an IP interface 525 (see e.g., FIG. 5). In embodiments, the P-GW 623 may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server 530 of FIG. 5 or PDN 630 in FIG. 6) via an IP communications interface 525 (see, e.g., FIG. 5). The S5 reference point between the P-GW 623 and the S-GW 622 may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW 623 and the S-GW 622. The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW 622 relocation due to UE 601 mobility and if the S-GW 622 needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW 623 for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW 623 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW 623 and the packet data network (PDN) 630 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW 623 may be coupled with a PCRF 626 via a Gx reference point.

PCRF 626 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 620. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF 626 in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE 601's Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE 601's IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 626 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 630 via the P-GW 623. The application server 630 may signal the PCRF 626 to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate QoS and charging parameters. The PCRF 626 may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate TFT and QCI, which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server 630. The Gx reference point between the PCRF 626 and the P-GW 623 may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF 626 to PCEF in the P-GW 623. An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN 630 (or “AF 630”) and the PCRF 626.

FIG. 7 illustrates an architecture of a system 700 including a second CN 720 in accordance with various embodiments. The system 700 is shown to include a UE 701, which may be the same or similar to the UEs 501 and UE 601 discussed previously; a (R)AN 710, which may be the same or similar to the RAN 510 and RAN 610 discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes 511 discussed previously; and a DN 703, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC 720. The 5GC 720 may include an AUSF 722; an AMF 721; a SMF 724; a NEF 723; a PCF 726; a NRF 725; a UDM 727; an AF 728; a UPF 702; and a NSSF 729.

The UPF 702 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 703, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 702 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 702 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 703 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 703 may include, or be similar to, application server 530 discussed previously. The UPF 702 may interact with the SMF 724 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 724 and the UPF 702.

The AUSF 722 may store data for authentication of UE 701 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 722 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 722 may communicate with the AMF 721 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 721 and the AUSF 722; and may communicate with the UDM 727 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 727 and the AUSF 722. Additionally, the AUSF 722 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 721 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 701, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 721 may be a termination point for the an N11 reference point between the AMF 721 and the SMF 724. The AMF 721 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 701 and the SMF 724, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 721 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 701 and an SMSF (not shown by FIG. 7). AMF 721 may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF 722 and the UE 701, receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 701 authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF 721 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 722. AMF 721 may also include a SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furtheiinore, AMF 721 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721; and the AMF 721 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signalling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 721 may also support NAS signalling with a UE 701 over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to entrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 710 and the UPF 702 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 721 may handle N2 signalling from the SMF 724 and the AMF 721 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunnelling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signalling between the UE 701 and AMF 721 via an N1 reference point between the UE 701 and the AMF 721, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 701 and UPF 702. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 701. The AMF 721 may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs 721 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 721 and a 5G-EIR (not shown by FIG. 7).

The UE 701 may need to register with the AMF 721 in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE 701 with the network (e.g., AMF 721), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 721). The UE 701 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE 701 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 721 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 701 so the UE 701 is not reachable by the AMF 721. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 701 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 721 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 701 so the UE 701 is reachable by the AMF 721. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 701 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 701 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

The AMF 721 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 701, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 721 may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF 721 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 701 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 721 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context).

CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 701 and the AMF 721 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 701 and the CN 720, and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 701 between the AN (e.g., RAN 710) and the AMF 721. The UE 701 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 701 is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE 701 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 721 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN 710 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 701. When the UE 701 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE 701 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 721 over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN 710 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 701. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 may cause the UE 701 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 701 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 is released.

The SMF 724 may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via. AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE 701 and a data network (DN) 703 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE 701 request, modified upon UE 701 and 5GC 720 request, and released upon UE 701 and 5GC 720 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 701 and the SMF 724. Upon request from an application server, the 5GC 720 may trigger a specific application in the UE 701. In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 701 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 701. The identified application(s) in the UE 701 may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF 724 may check whether the UE 701 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 701. In this regard, the SMF 724 may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF 724 level subscription data from the UDM 727.

The SMF 724 may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAs (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs 724 may be included in the system 700, which may be between another SMF 724 in a visited network and the SMF 724 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 724 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

The NEF 723 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 728), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 723 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF 723 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 728 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 723 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 723 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 723 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 723 to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 723 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 725 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 725 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 725 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 726 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behaviour. The PCF 726 may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 727. The PCF 726 may communicate with the AMF 721 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 726 and the AMF 721, which may include a PCF 726 in a visited network and the AMF 721 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 726 may communicate with the AF 728 via an N5 reference point between the PCF 726 and the AF 728; and with the SMF 724 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 726 and the SMF 724. The system 700 and/or CN 720 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 726 (in the home network) and a PCF 726 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 726 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 727 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 701. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 727 and the AMF 721 via an N8 reference point between the UDM 727 and the AMF. The UDM 727 may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by FIG. 7). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 727 and the PCF 726, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 701) for the NEF 723. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 727, PCF 726, and NEF 723 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 724 via an N10 reference point between the UDM 727 and the SMF 724. UDM 727 may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 727 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 728 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 720 and AF 728 to provide information to each other via NEF 723, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 701 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 702 close to the UE 701 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 702 to DN 703 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 728. In this way, the AF 728 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 728 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 728 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 728 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The NSSF 729 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 701. The NSSF 729 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 729 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 701, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 721 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 725. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 701 may be triggered by the AMF 721 with which the UE 701 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 729, which may lead to a change of AMF 721. The NSSF 729 may interact with the AMF 721 via an N22 reference point between AMF 721 and NSSF 729; and may communicate with another NSSF 729 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 7). Additionally, the NSSF 729 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

As discussed previously, the CN 720 may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 701 to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 721 and UDM 727 for a notification procedure that the UE 701 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 727 when HE 701 is available for SMS).

The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown by FIG. 7, such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include a SDSF, an UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., LIE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 7). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by FIG. 7). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 7 for clarity. In one example, the CN 720 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME 621) and the AMF 721 in order to enable interworking between CN 720 and CN 620. Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment 800 in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment 800 (or “system 800”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node such as the RAN nodes 511 and/or AP 506 shown and described previously, application server(s) 530, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. In other examples, the system 800 could be implemented in or by a UE.

The system 800 includes application circuitry 805, baseband circuitry 810, one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs) 815, memory circuitry 820, power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 825, power tee circuitry 830, network controller circuitry 835, network interface connector 840, satellite positioning circuitry 845, and user interface 850. In some embodiments, the device 800 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device. For example, said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations.

Application circuitry 805 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 805 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 800. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry 805 may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system 800 may not utilize application circuitry 805, and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example.

In some implementations, the application circuitry 805 may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. As examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 810 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 810 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 10.

User interface circuitry 850 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system 800 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system 800. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 815 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array 1011 of FIG. 10 infra), and the RFEM may he connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 815, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 820 may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MVRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry 820 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards.

The PMIC 825 may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry 830 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment 800 using a single cable.

The network controller circuitry 835 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment 800 via network interface connector 840 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry 835 may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry 835 may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.

The positioning circuitry 845 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France's Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 845 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 845 may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 845 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 810 and/or RFEMs 815 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 845 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 805, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes 511, etc.), or the like.

The components shown by FIG. 8 may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include any number of bus and/or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCN), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a platform 900 (or “device 900”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform 900 may be suitable for use as UEs 501, 601, application servers 530, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform 900 may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 900 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 900, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 9 is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 900. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.

Application circuitry 905 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and HAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 905 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 900. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry 805 may comprise, or may be a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein.

As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 905 may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry 905 may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm®, Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry 905 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 905 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 905 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 905 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 905 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 910 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated. circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 910 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 10.

The RFEMs 915 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see es., antenna array 1011 of FIG. 10 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 915, whichincorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 920 may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 920 may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry 920 may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry 920 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 920 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 905. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 920 may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform 900 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®.

Removable memory circuitry 923 may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 900. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

The platform 900 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 900. The external devices connected to the platform 900 via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 921 and electro-mechanical components (EMCs) 922, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 923.

The sensor circuitry 921 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUs) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc.

EMCs 922 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform 900 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs 922 may be configured to generate and send messages/signalling to other components of the platform 900 to indicate a current state of the EMCs 922. Examples of the EMCs 922 include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform 900 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 922 based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 900 with positioning circuitry 945. The positioning circuitry 945 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS, the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan's QZSS, France's DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 945 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 945 may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 945 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 810 and/or RFEMs 915 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 945 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 905, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 900 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry 940. NFC circuitry 940 is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry 940 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 900 (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry 940 comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NEC circuitry 940 by executing NEC controller firmware and an NEC stack. The NEC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry 940, or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry 940 and another active NEC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NEC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 900.

The driver circuitry 946 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 900, attached to the platform 900, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 900. The driver circuitry 946 may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 900 to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 900. For example, driver circuitry 946 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 900, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 921 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 921, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 922 and/or control and allow access to the EMCs 922, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 925 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 925”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 900. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 910, the PMIC 925 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 925 may often be included when the platform 900 is capable of being powered by a battery 930, for example, when the device is included in a UE 501, 601.

In some embodiments, the PMIC 925 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform 900. For example, if the platform 900 is in an RRC Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 900 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 900 may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 900 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform 900 may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

A battery 930 may power the platform 900, although in some examples the platform 900 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 930 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 930 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.

In some implementations, the battery 930 may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 900 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 930. The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery 930 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery 930. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery 930 to the application circuitry 905 or other components of the platform 900. The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry 905 to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 930 or the current flow from the battery 930. The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform 900 may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like.

A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 930. In some examples, the power block 830 may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform 900. In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery 930, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

User interface circuitry 950 includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform 900, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 900 and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 900. The user interface circuitry 950 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform 900. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry 921 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

Although not shown, the components of platform 900 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 10 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 1010 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 1015 in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry 1010 corresponds to the baseband circuitry 810 and 910 of FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. The RFEM 1015 corresponds to the RFEM 815 and 915 of FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. As shown, the RFEMs 1015 may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 1006, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 1008, antenna array 1011 coupled together at least as shown.

The baseband circuitry 1010 includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 1006. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. in some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1006. The baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to interface with application circuitry 805/905 (see FIGS. 8 and 9) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 1006. The baseband circuitry 1010 may handle various radio control functions.

The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor 1004A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor 1004B, a 5G/NR baseband processor 1004C, or some other baseband processor(s) 1004D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1004A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 1004G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1004E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1004A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory 1004G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU 1004E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU 1004E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 1010, schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOST™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry 1010 includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 1004F. The audio DSP(s) 1004F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, each of the processors 1004A-1004E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory 1004G. The baseband circuitry 1010 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 1010; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry 805/905 of FIGS. 8-10); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 1006 of FIG. 10; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC 925.

In alternate embodiments (which may he combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry 1010 comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. in an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 1010 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 1015).

Although not shown by FIG. 10, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1010 includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PM(layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry 1010 and/or RF circuitry 1006 are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry 1010 and/or RF circuitry 1006 are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g., 1004G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 1010 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol.

The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 1010 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 and RF circuitry 1006 may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry 1006 (or multiple instances of RF circuitry 1006). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 and the application circuitry 805/905 may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1010 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1010 may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 1006 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 1006 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 1006 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1008 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 1010. RF circuitry 1006 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 1008 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 may include mixer circuitry 1006 a, amplifier circuitry 1006 b and filter circuitry 1006 c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 may include filter circuitry 1006 c and mixer circuitry 1006 a. RF circuitry 1006 may also include synthesizer circuitry 1006 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1008 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 1006 d. The amplifier circuitry 1006 b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 1006 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 1010 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 1008. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 1006 c.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 1006 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 1010 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 1006.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

in some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the RF circuitry 1006 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 1010 or the application circuitry 805/905 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 805/905.

Synthesizer circuitry 1006 d of the RF circuitry 1006 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 1006 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 1008 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array 1011, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 1006 for further processing. FEM circuitry 1008 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 1006 for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array 1011. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 1006, solely in the FEM circuitry 1008, or in both the RF circuitry 1006 and the FEM circuitry 1008.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 1008 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 1008 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 1008 may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 1006). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 1008 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 1006), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 1011.

The antenna array 1011 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array 1011 including one or more antenna elements (not shown), The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 1011 may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array 1011 may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 1006 and/or FEM circuitry 1008 using metal transmission lines or the like. 102151 Processors of the application circuitry 805/905 and processors of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 1010, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 805/905 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

FIG. 11 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular, FIG. 11 includes an arrangement 1100 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 11 is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 11 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well.

The protocol layers of arrangement 1100 may include one or more of PHY 1110, MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140, SDAP 1147, RRC 1155, and. NAS layer 1157, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 1159, 1156, 1150, 1149, 1145, 1135, 1125, and 1115 in FIG. 11) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.

The PHY 1110 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 1105 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 1105 may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 1110 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 1155. The PHY 1110 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MEMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY 1110 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 1120 via one or more PHY-SAP 1115. According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP 1115 may comprise one or more transport channels.

Instance(s) of MAC 1120 may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 1130 via one or more MAC-SAPS 1125. These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP 1125 may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC 1120 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY 1110 via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 1110 via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.

Instance(s) of RLC 1130 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 1140 via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 1135. These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP 1135 may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC 1130 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 1130 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 1130 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.

Instance(s) of PDCP 1140 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 1155 and/or instance(s) of SDAP 1147 via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 1145. These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP 1145 may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP 1140 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

Instance(s) of SDAP 1147 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP 1149. These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP 1149 may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 1147 may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 1147 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 510 may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 1147 of a UE 501 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 1147 of the UE 501 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 710 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 1155 configuring the SDAP 1147 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 1147. In embodiments, the SDAP 1147 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

The RRC 1155 may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY 1110, MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140 and SDAP 1147. In embodiments, an instance of RRC 1155 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 1157 via one or more RRC-SAPs 1156. The main services and functions of the RRC 1155 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 501 and RAN 510 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

The NAS 1157 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 501 and the AMF 721. The NAS 1157 may support the mobility of the UEs 501 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 501 and a P-GW in LTE systems.

According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 1100 may be implemented in UEs 501, RAN nodes 511, AMF 721 in NR implementations or MME 621 in LTE implementations, UPF 702 in NR implementations or S-GW 622 and P-GW 623 in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 501, gNB 511, AMF 721, etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB 511 may host the RRC 1155, SDAP 1147, and PDCP 1140 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 511 may each host the RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PITY 1110 of the gNB 511.

In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 1157, RRC 1155, PDCP 1140, RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PHY 1110. In this example, upper layers 1160 may be built on top of the NAS 1157, which includes an IP layer 1161, an SCTP 1162, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 1163.

In NR implementations, the AP 1163 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 1163 for the NG interface 513 defined between the NG-RAN node 511 and the AMF 721, or the AP 1163 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 1163 for the Xn interface 512 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 511.

The NG-AP 1163 may support the functions of the NG interface 513 and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 511 and the AMF 721. The NG-AP 1163 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 501) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 511 and AMF 721). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes 511 involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF 721 to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF 721 and the NG-RAN node 511; a mobility function for UEs 501 in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 501 and AMF 721; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 721 and the UE 501; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes 511 via CN 520; and/or other like functions.

The XnAP 1163 may support the functions of the Xn interface 512 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN 511 (or E-UTRAN 610), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 501, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

In LTE implementations, the AP 1163 may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1163 for the S1 interface 513 defined between an E-UTRAN node 511 and an MME, or the AP 1163 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 1163 for the X2 interface 512 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 511.

The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1163 may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 511 and an MME 621within an LTE CN 520. The S1-AP 1163 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

The X2AP 1163 may support the functions of the X2 interface 512 and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN 520, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 501, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 1162 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 1162 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 511 and the AMF 721/MME 621 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 1161. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 1161 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer 1161 may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 511 may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 1147, PDCP 1140, RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PHY 1110. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 501, the RAN node 511, and UPF 702 in NR implementations or an S-GW 622 and P-GW 623 in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 1151 may be built on top of the SDAP 1147, and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 1152, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 1153, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 1163.

The transport network layer 1154 (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 1153 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 1152 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

The GTP-U 1153 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 1152 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 511 and the S-GW 622 may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY 1110), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140, and/or SDAP 1147), the UDP/IP layer 1152, and the GTP-U 1153. The S-GW 622 and the P-GW 623 may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 1152, and the GTP-U 1153. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 501 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 501 and the P-GW 623.

Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 11, an application layer may be present above the AP 1163 and/or the transport network layer 1154. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 501, RAN node 511, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 805 or application circuitry 905, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 501 or RAN node 511, such as the baseband circuitry 1010. In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7 the application layer, OSI Layer 6 the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer).

FIG. 12 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments. The components of the CN 620 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In embodiments, the components of CN 720 may he implemented in a same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN 620. In some embodiments, NFV is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 620 may be referred to as a network slice 1201, and individual logical instantiations of the CN 620 may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 620 may be referred to as a network sub-slice 1202 (e.g., the network sub-slice 1202 is shown to include the P-GW 623 and the PCRF 626).

As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice.

With respect to 5G systems (see, e.g., FIG. 7), a network slice always comprises a RAN part and a CN part. The support of network slicing relies on the principle that traffic for different slices is handled by different PDU sessions. The network can realize the different network slices by scheduling and also by providing different L1/L2 configurations. The UE 701 provides assistance information for network slice selection in an appropriate RRC message, if it has been provided by NAS. While the network can support large number of slices, the UE need not support more than 8 slices simultaneously.

A network slice may include the CN 720 control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs 710 in a serving PLMN, and a N3IWF functions in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different S-NSSAI and/or may have different SSTs. NSSAI includes one or more S-NSSAIs, and each network slice is uniquely identified by an S-NSSAI. Network slices may differ for supported features and network functions optimizations, and/or multiple network slice instances may deliver the same service/features but for different groups of UEs 701 (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) and/or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be served with one or more network slice instances simultaneously via a 5G AN and associated with eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF 721 instance serving an individual UE 701 may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE.

Network Slicing in the NG-RAN 710 involves RAN slice awareness. RAN slice awareness includes differentiated handling of traffic for different network slices, which have been pre-configured. Slice awareness in the NG-RAN 710 is introduced at the PDU session level by indicating the S-NSSAI corresponding to a PDU session in all signaling that includes PDU session resource information. How the NG-RAN 710 supports the slice enabling in terms of NG-RAN functions (e.g., the set of network functions that comprise each slice) is implementation dependent. The NG-RAN 710 selects the RAN part of the network slice using assistance information provided by the UE 701 or the 5GC 720, which unambiguously identifies one or more of the pre-configured network slices in the PLMN. The NG-RAN 710 also supports resource management and policy enforcement between slices as per SLAs. A single NG-RAN node may support multiple slices, and the NG-RAN 710 may also apply an appropriate RRM policy for the SLA in place to each supported slice. The NG-RAN 710 may also support QoS differentiation within a slice.

The NG-RAN 710 may also use the UE assistance information for the selection of an AMF 721 during an initial attach, if available. The NG-RAN 710 uses the assistance information for routing the initial NAS to an AMF 721. If the NG-RAN 710 is unable to select an AMF 721 using the assistance information, or the UE 701 does not provide any such information, the NG-RAN 710 sends the NAS signaling to a default AMF 721, which may be among a pool of AMFs 721. For subsequent accesses, the UE 701 provides a temp ID, which is assigned to the UE 701 by the SGC 720, to enable the NG-RAN 710 to route the NAS message to the appropriate AMF 721 as long as the temp ID is valid. The NGRAN 710 is aware of, and can reach, the AMF 721 that is associated with the temp ID. Otherwise, the method for initial attach applies.

The NG-RAN 710 supports resource isolation between slices. NG-RAN 710 resource isolation may be achieved by means of RRM policies and protection mechanisms that should avoid that shortage of shared resources if one slice breaks the service level agreement for another slice. In some implementations, it is possible to fully dedicate NG-RAN 710 resources to a certain slice. How NG-RAN 710 supports resource isolation is implementation dependent.

Some slices may be available only in part of the network. Awareness in the NG-RAN 710 of the slices supported in the cells of its neighbors may be beneficial for inter-frequency mobility in connected mode. The slice availability may not change within the UE's registration area. The NG-RAN 710 and the 5GC 720 are responsible to handle a service request for a slice that may or may not be available in a given area. Admission or rejection of access to a slice may depend on factors such as support for the slice, availability of resources, support of the requested service by NG-RAN 710.

The UE 701 may be associated with multiple network slices simultaneously. In case the UE 701 is associated with multiple slices simultaneously, only one signaling connection is maintained, and for intra-frequency cell reselection, the UE 701 tries to camp on the best cell. For inter-frequency cell reselection, dedicated priorities can be used to control the frequency on which the UE 701 camps. The 5GC 720 is to validate that the UE 701 has the rights to access a network slice. Prior to receiving an Initial Context Setup Request message, the NG-RAN 710 may be allowed to apply some provisional/local policies, based on awareness of a particular slice that the UE 701 is requesting to access. During the initial context setup, the NG-RAN 710 is informed of the slice for which resources are being requested.

NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 13 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1300 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1310, one or more memory/storage devices 1320, and one or more communication resources 1330, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1340. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1302 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 1300.

The processors 1310 may include, for example, a processor 1312 and a processor 1314. The processor(s) 1310 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 102501 The memory/storage devices 1320 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 1320 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 1330 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1304 or one or more databases 1306 via a network 1308. For example, the communication resources 1330 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

Instructions 1350 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1310 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 1350 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 1310 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1320, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthemiore, any portion of the instructions 1350 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1300 from any combination of the peripheral devices 1304 or the databases 1306. Accordingly, the memory of processors 1310, the memory/storage devices 1320, the peripheral devices 1304, and the databases 1306 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

Example Procedures

In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of FIGS. 5-13, or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in FIG. 14. For example, the process 1400 may include: generating, by the BS, a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling, as shown in step 1402. The method can further include transmitting, by the B S, the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS, as shown in step 1404. The paging group can a sub-group of a number of sub-groups of UEs.

In embodiments, the steps and/or functions of process 1400 can be at least partially performed by application circuitry 805 or 905, baseband circuitry 810 or 910, and/or processor(s) 1410.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

As described above, aspects of the present technology may include the gathering and use of data available from various sources, e.g., to improve or enhance functionality. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, Twitter ID's, home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, may be used to the benefit of users.

The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should only occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of, or access to, certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, the present technology may be configurable to allow users to selectively “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data, e.g., during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods.

Therefore, although the present disclosure may broadly cover use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 includes a method for UE-group WUS for Rel-16 eMTC and NB-IoT.

Example 2 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE-group WUS-related parameters are configured via higher layer signaling.

Example 3 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the identifier of a group of UE-group WUS is defined by UE

Example 4 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE ID of example 3 is IMSI of the UE.

Example 5 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein physical resources for UE-group WUS transmission are multiplexed in a frequency domain.

Example 6 includes the method of example 5 and/or some other examples herein, wherein for BL/CE UEs, the frequency multiplexing is based on the configuring different narrowbands and selection of one of the narrowbands.

Example 7 includes the method of example 5 and/or some other examples herein, wherein for NB-IoT UEs, the frequency multiplexing is based on a configuration of different NB-IoT carriers and selection of one of the carriers.

Example 8 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein physical resources for UE-group WUS transmission are multiplexed in a time domain.

Example 9 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein different UE-group WUSs share same physical resources and are multiplexed using quasi-orthogonal codes.

Example 10 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein a combination of multiplexing techniques from examples 5, 8 and 9 can be used for different UE-group WUSs.

Example 11 includes the method of example 8 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the multiplexing in the time domain is used to separate the legacy Rel-15 and new Rel-16 WUS transmissions.

Example 12 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the UE-group WUS sequence is generated based on the N_(grp) ^(UE) longer RE-level Gold scrambling sequence, where N_(grp) ^(UE) is the total number of UE groups.

Example 13 includes the method of example 12 and/or some other examples herein, wherein the actual RE-level scrambling sequence of the UE-group WUS is a shorter subsequence from the long Gold scrambling sequence.

Example 14 includes the method of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the UE-group WUS sequence is generated based on the legacy Rel-15 WUS sequence and the orthogonal cover code (OCC) of length 11 applied in the time domain to every subframe carrying WUS.

Example 15 may include the method of example 14 and/or some other example herein, wherein, in addition to the time domain OCC, the frequency domain OCC of length 12 is applied to each OFDM symbol of every subframe carrying WUS.

Example 16 may include the method of example 14-15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the number of different time domain OCC and different frequency domain OCC is equal to the number of UE groups N_(grp) ^(UE).

Example 17 includes the method of examples 1-16 and/or some other examples herein, further comprising:

generating or causing to generate a wake-up signal sequence; and

mapping or causing to map one or more symbols of the generated wake-up signal sequence to one or more corresponding resource elements.

Example 18 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 19 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 20 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 21 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 22 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions thereof.

Example 23 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 24 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example 25 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example 26 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example 27 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions thereof.

Example 28 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-17, or portions thereof.

Example 29 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 30 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 31 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example 32 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but are not meant to be limiting.

-   -   3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project     -   4G Fourth Generation     -   5G Fifth Generation     -   5GC 5G Core network     -   ACK Acknowledgement     -   AF Application Function     -   AM Acknowledged Mode     -   AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate     -   AMF Access and Mobility Management Function     -   AN Access Network     -   ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation     -   AP Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point     -   API Application Programming Interface     -   APN Access Point Name     -   ARP Allocation and Retention Priority     -   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request     -   AS Access Stratum     -   ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One     -   AUSF Authentication Server Function     -   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise     -   BCH Broadcast Channel     -   BER Bit Error Ratio     -   BLER Block Error Rate     -   BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying     -   BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server     -   BSS Business Support System     -   BS Base Station     -   BSR Buffer Status Report     -   BW Bandwidth     -   BWP Bandwidth Part     -   C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   CA Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority     -   CAPER CAPital EXpenditure     -   CBRA Contention Based Random Access     -   CC Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic Checksum     -   CCA Clear Channel Assessment     -   CCE Control Channel Element     -   CCCH Common Control Channel     -   CE Coverage Enhancement     -   CDM Content Delivery Network     -   CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access     -   CERA Contention Free Random Access     -   CG Cell Group     -   CI Cell Identity     -   CID Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method)     -   CIM Common Information Model     -   CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio     -   CK Cipher Key     -   CM Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory     -   CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert Service     -   CMD Command     -   CMS Cloud Management System     -   CO Conditional Optional     -   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point     -   CORESET Control Resource Set     -   COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf     -   CP Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point     -   CPD Connection Point Descriptor     -   CPE Customer Premise Equipment     -   CPICH Common Pilot Channel     -   CQI Channel Quality Indicator     -   CPU CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit     -   C/R Command/Response field bit     -   CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN     -   CRB Common Resource Block     -   CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check     -   CRI Channel-State information Resource indicator, CSI-RS         Resource Indicator     -   C-RNTI Cell RNTI     -   CS Circuit Switched     -   CSAR Cloud Service Archive     -   CSI Channel-State Information     -   CSI-IM CSI Interference Measurement     -   CSI-RS CSI Reference Signal     -   CSI-RSRP CSI reference signal received power     -   CSI-RSRQ CSI reference signal received quality     -   CSI-SINR CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio     -   CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access     -   CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance     -   CSS Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space     -   CTS Clear-to-Send     -   CW Codeword     -   CWS Contention Window Size     -   D2D Device-to-Device     -   DC Dual Connectivity, Direct Current     -   DCI Downlink Control Information     -   DF Deployment Flavour     -   DL Downlink     -   DMTF Distributed Management Task Force     -   DPDK Data Plane Development Kit     -   DM-RS, DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal     -   DN Data network     -   DRB Data Radio Bearer     -   DRS Discovery Reference Signal     -   DRX Discontinuous Reception     -   DSL Domain Specific Language Digital Subscriber Line     -   DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer     -   DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot     -   E-LAN Ethernet Local Area Network     -   E2E End-to-End     -   ECCA extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA     -   ECCE Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE     -   ED Energy Detection     -   EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution)     -   EGMF Exposure Governance Management Function     -   EGPRS Enhanced GPR.S     -   EIR Equipment Identity Register     -   eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA     -   EM Element Manager     -   eMBB enhanced. Mobile Broadband     -   EMS Element Management System     -   eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B     -   EN-DC E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity     -   EPC Evolved Packet Core     -   EPDCCH enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control Cannel     -   EPRE Energy per resource element     -   EPS Evolved Packet System     -   EREG enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups     -   ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute     -   ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System     -   eUICC embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card     -   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA     -   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN     -   F1AP F1 Application Protocol     -   F1-C F1 Control plane interface     -   F1-U F1 User plane interface     -   FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel     -   FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate     -   FACCH/H Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate     -   FACH Forward Access Channel     -   FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Channel     -   FB Functional Block     -   FBI Feedback information     -   FCC Federal Communications Commission     -   FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel     -   FDD Frequency Division Duplex     -   FDM Frequency Division Multiplex     -   FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   FE Front End     -   FEC Forward Error Collection     -   FFS For Further Study     -   FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

1feLAA further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further enhanced LAA

-   -   EN Frame Number     -   FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array     -   FR Frequency Range     -   G-RNTI GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   GERAN GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network GGSN Gateway         GPRS Support Node     -   GLONASS GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Engl.:         Global Navigation Satellite System)     -   gNB Next Generation NodeB     -   gNB-CU gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB centralized         unit     -   gNB-DU gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB distributed         unit     -   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System     -   GPRS General Packet Radio Service     -   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spécial         Mobile     -   GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol     -   GTP-U GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane     -   GUMMEI Globally Unique MME Identifier     -   GUTI Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity     -   HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request     -   HANDO, HO Handover     -   HFN HyperFrame Number     -   HHO Hard Handover     -   HLR Home Location Register     -   HN Home Network     -   HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network     -   HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access     -   HSN Hopping Sequence Number     -   HSPA High Speed Packet Access     -   HSS Home Subscriber Server     -   HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access     -   HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol     -   HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1         over SSL, i.e. port 443)     -   I-Block Information Block     -   ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identification     -   ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination     -   ID Identity, identifier     -   IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform     -   IE Information element     -   IEEE institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers     -   IEI Information Element Identifier     -   IEIDL Information Element identifier Data Length     -   IETF Internet Engineering Task Force     -   IF Infrastructure     -   IM Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP Multimedia     -   IMC IMS Credentials     -   IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity     -   IMGI International mobile group identity     -   IMPI IP Multimedia Private Identity     -   IMPU IP Multimedia PUblic identity     -   IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem     -   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity     -   IoT Internet of Things     -   IP Internet Protocol     -   Ipsec IP Security, Internet Protocol Security     -   IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network     -   IP-M IP Multicast     -   IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4     -   IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6     -   IR Infrared     -   IRP Integration Reference Point     -   ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network     -   ISIM IM Services Identity Module     -   ISO International Organisation for Standardisation     -   ISP Internet Service Provider     -   IWF Interworking-Function     -   I-WLAN Interworking WLAN     -   K Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM Individual         key     -   kB Kilobyte (1000 bytes)     -   kbps kilo-bits per second     -   Kc Ciphering key     -   Ki Individual subscriber authentication key     -   KPI Key Performance Indicator     -   KQI Key Quality indicator     -   KSI Key Set Identifier     -   ksps kilo-symbols per second     -   KVM Kernel Virtual Machine     -   L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)     -   L1-RSRP Layer 1 reference signal received power     -   L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)     -   L3 Layer 3 (network layer)     -   LAA Licensed Assisted Access     -   LAN Local Area Network     -   LBT Listen Before Talk     -   LCM LifeCycle Management     -   LCR Low Chip Rate     -   LCS Location Services     -   LI Layer Indicator     -   LLC Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility     -   LPLMN Local PLMN     -   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol     -   LSB Least Significant Bit     -   LTE Long Term Evolution     -   LWA LTE-WLAN aggregation     -   LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel     -   LTE Long Term Evolution     -   M2M Machine-to-Machine     -   MAC Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)     -   MAC Message authentication code (security/encryption context)     -   MAC-A MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG T WG3         context)     -   MAC-I MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages (TSG T         WG3 context)     -   MANO Management and Orchestration     -   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service     -   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency         Network     -   MCC Mobile Country Code     -   MCG Master Cell Group     -   MCOT Maximum Channel Occupancy Time     -   MCS Modulation and coding scheme     -   MDAF Management Data Analytics Function     -   MDAS Management Data Analytics Service     -   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests     -   ME Mobile Equipment     -   MeNB master eNB     -   MER Message Error Ratio     -   MGL Measurement Gap Length     -   MGRP Measurement Gap Repetition Period     -   MIB Master Information Block, Management Information Base     -   MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output     -   MLC Mobile Location Centre     -   MM Mobility Management     -   MME Mobility Management Entity     -   MN Master Node     -   MO Measurement Object, Mobile Originated     -   MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel     -   MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel     -   MPDSCH MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel     -   MPRACH MTC Physical Random Access CHannel     -   MPUSCH MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel     -   MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching     -   MS Mobile Station     -   MSB Most Significant Bit     -   MSC Mobile Switching Centre     -   MSI Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling Information     -   MSID Mobile Station Identifier     -   MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number     -   MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number     -   MT Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination     -   MTC Machine-Type Communications     -   mMTC massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications     -   MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO     -   MWUS MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS     -   NACK Negative Acknowledgement     -   NAI Network Access identifier     -   NAS Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer     -   NCT Network Connectivity Topology     -   NEC Network Capability Exposure     -   NE-DC NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity     -   NEF Network Exposure Function     -   NF Network Function     -   NFP Network Forwarding Path     -   NFPD Network Forwarding Path Descriptor     -   NFV Network Functions Virtualization     -   NFVI NFV Infrastructure     -   NFVO NFV Orchestrator     -   NG Next Generation, Next Gen     -   NGEN-DC NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity     -   NM Network Manager     -   NMS Network Management System     -   N-PoP Network Point of Presence     -   NMIB, N-MIB Narrowband MIB     -   NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel     -   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel     -   NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel     -   NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel     -   NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel     -   NPSS Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal     -   NSSS Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal     -   NR New Radio, Neighbour Relation     -   NRF NF Repository Function     -   NRS Narrowband Reference Signal     -   NS Network Service     -   NSA Non-Standalone operation mode     -   NSD Network Service Descriptor     -   NSR Network Service Record     -   NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance information     -   S-NNSAI Single-NSSAI     -   NSSF Network Slice Selection Function     -   NW Network     -   NWUS Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS     -   NZP Non-Zero Power     -   O&M Operation and Maintenance     -   ODU2 Optical channel Data Unit—type 2     -   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing     -   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   OOB Out-of-hand     -   OPEX OPerating EXpense     -   OSI Other System information     -   OSS Operations Support System     -   OTA over-the-air     -   PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio     -   PAR Peak to Average Ratio     -   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel     -   PC Power Control, Personal Computer     -   PCC Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC     -   PCell Primary Cell     -   PCI Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity     -   PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function     -   PCF Policy Control Function     -   PCRF Policy Control and Charging Rules Function     -   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data Convergence         Protocol layer     -   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel     -   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol     -   PDN Packet Data Network, Public Data Network     -   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel     -   PDU Protocol Data Unit     -   PEI Permanent Equipment identifiers     -   PFD Packet Flow Description     -   P-GW PDN Gateway     -   PHICH Physical hybrid-ARO indicator channel     -   PHY Physical layer     -   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network     -   PIN Personal Identification Number     -   PM Performance Measurement     -   PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator     -   PNF Physical Network Function     -   PNFD Physical Network Function Descriptor     -   PNFR Physical Network Function Record.     -   POC PTT over Cellular     -   PP, PTP Point-to-Point     -   PPP Point-to-Point Protocol     -   PRACH Physical RACH     -   PRB Physical resource block     -   PRG Physical resource block group     -   ProSe Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service     -   PRS Positioning Reference Signal     -   PS Packet Services     -   PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel     -   PSDCH Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel     -   PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel     -   PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel     -   PSCell Primary SCell     -   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal     -   PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network     -   PT-RS Phase-tracking reference signal     -   PTT Push-to-Talk     -   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel     -   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel     -   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation     -   QCI QoS class of identifier     -   QCL Quasi co-location     -   QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier     -   QoS Quality of Service     -   QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying     -   QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System     -   RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI     -   RAB Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst     -   RACH Random Access Channel     -   RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service     -   RAN Radio Access Network     -   RAND RANDom number (used for authentication)     -   RAR Random Access Response     -   RAT Radio Access Technology     -   RAU Routing Area Update     -   RB Resource block, Radio Bearer     -   RBG Resource block group     -   REG Resource Element Group     -   Rel Release     -   REQ REQuest     -   RF Radio Frequency     -   RI Rank Indicator     -   RIV Resource indicator value     -   RL Radio Link     -   RLC Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer     -   RLF Radio Link Failure     -   RLM Radio Link Monitoring     -   RLM-RS Reference Signal for RLM     -   RM Registration Management     -   RMC Reference Measurement Channel     -   RMSI Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System Information     -   RN Relay Node     -   RNC Radio Network Controller     -   RNL Radio Network Layer     -   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier     -   ROHC RObust Header Compression     -   RRC Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer     -   RRM Radio Resource Management     -   RS Reference Signal     -   RSRP Reference Signal Received Power     -   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality     -   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator     -   RSU Road Side Unit     -   RSTD Reference Signal Time difference     -   RTP Real Time Protocol     -   RTS Ready-To-Send     -   RTT Round Trip Time     -   Rx Reception, Receiving, Receiver     -   S1AP S1 Application Protocol     -   S1-MMF S1 for the control plane     -   S1-U S1 for the user plane     -   S-GW Serving Gateway     -   S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier     -   SA Standalone operation mode     -   SAE System Architecture Evolution     -   SAP Service Access Point     -   SAPD Service Access Point Descriptor     -   SAPI Service Access Point Identifier     -   SCC Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC     -   SCell Secondary Cell     -   SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   SCG Secondary Cell Group     -   SCM Security Context Management     -   SCS Subcarrier Spacing     -   SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol     -   SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation         Protocol layer     -   SDL Supplementary Downlink     -   SDNF Structured Data Storage Network Function     -   SDP Service Discovery Protocol (Bluetooth related)     -   SDSF Structured Data Storage Function     -   SDU Service Data Unit     -   SEAF Security Anchor Function     -   SeNB secondary eNB     -   SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy     -   SFI Slot format indication     -   SFTD Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing         difference     -   SFN System Frame Number     -   SgNB Secondary gNB     -   SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node     -   S-GW Serving Gateway     -   SI System Information     -   SI-RNTI System Information RNTI     -   SIB System Information Block     -   SIM Subscriber identity Module     -   SIP Session Initiated Protocol     -   SiP System in Package     -   SL Sidelink     -   SLA Service Level Agreement     -   SM Session Management     -   SW Session Management Function     -   SMS Short Message Service     -   SMSF SMS Function     -   SMTC SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration     -   SN Secondary Node, Sequence Number     -   SoC System on Chip     -   SON Self-Organizing Network     -   SpCell Special Cell     -   SP-CSI-RNTI Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI     -   SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling     -   SQN Sequence number     -   SR Scheduling Request     -   SRB Signalling Radio Bearer     -   SRS Sounding Reference Signal     -   SS Synchronization Signal     -   SSB Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block     -   SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization Signal         Block Resource Indicator     -   SSC Session and Service Continuity     -   SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received         Power     -   SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received         Quality     -   SS-SINR Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and         Interference Ratio     -   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal     -   SST Slice/Service Types     -   SU-MIMO Single User MIMO     -   SUL Supplementary Uplink     -   TA Timing Advance, Tracking Area     -   TAC Tracking Area Code     -   TAG Timing Advance Group     -   TAU Tracking Area Update     -   TB Transport Block     -   TBS Transport Block Size     -   TBD To Be Defined     -   TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator     -   TCP Transmission Communication Protocol     -   TDD Time Division Duplex     -   TDM Time Division Multiplexing     -   TDMA Time Division Multiple Access     -   TE Terminal Equipment     -   TEID Tunnel End Point identifier     -   TFT Traffic Flow Template     -   TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity     -   TNL Transport Network Layer     -   TPC Transmit Power Control     -   TPMI Transmitted Precoding Matrix indicator     -   TR Technical Report     -   TRP, TRxP Transmission Reception Point     -   TRS Tracking Reference Signal     -   TRx Transceiver     -   TS Technical Specifications, Technical Standard     -   TTI Transmission Time Interval     -   Tx Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter     -   U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter     -   UCI Uplink Control Information     -   UE User Equipment     -   UDM Unified Data Management     -   UDP User Datagram Protocol     -   UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Network Function     -   UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card     -   UL Uplink     -   UM Unacknowledged Mode     -   UML Unified Modelling Language     -   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System     -   UP User Plane     -   UPF User Plane Function     -   URI Uniform Resource Identifier     -   URL Uniform Resource Locator     -   URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency     -   USB Universal Serial Bus     -   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module     -   USS UE-specific search space     -   UTRA UNITS Terrestrial Radio Access     -   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network     -   UwPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot     -   V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastruction     -   V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian     -   V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle     -   V2X Vehicle-to-everything     -   VIM Virtualized Infrastructure Manager     -   VL Virtual Link,     -   VZ AN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network     -   VM Virtual Machine     -   VNF Virtualized Network Function     -   VNFFG VNF Forwarding Graph     -   VNFFGD VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor     -   VNFM VNF Manager     -   VoIP Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol     -   VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network     -   VPN Virtual Private Network     -   VRB Virtual Resource Block     -   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access     -   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network     -   WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network     -   WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network     -   X2-C X2-Control plane     -   X2-U X2-User plane     -   XML eXtensible Markup Language     -   XRES EXpected user RESponse     -   XOR eXclusive OR     -   ZC Zadoff-Chu     -   ZP Zero Power

Terminology

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but are not meant to be limiting.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmmare programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The with “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource.

The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like.

The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content.

The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration.

The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block.

The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure.

The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation.

The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA.

The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a HE configured with DC.

The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a HE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell.

The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC _CONNECTED configured with CA/.

The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pceil. 

1. A method of operating a base station (BS) comprising: generating, by the BS, a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling; and transmitting, by the BS, the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating, by the BS, the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating, by the BS, the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the BS, the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe; and repeating, by the BS, over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating, by the BS, a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by ${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein M is a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the WUS is configured by a higher layer signaling.
 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a base station (BS), cause the BS to perform operations comprising: generating a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling; and transmitting the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.
 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising generating the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.
 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising generating the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.
 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising: generating the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe; and repeating over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising generating a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by ${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$
 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 12, wherein M is a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the WUS is configured by a higher layer signaling.
 15. A base station (BS) comprising: processor circuitry configured to generate a wake up signal (WUS), wherein the WUS includes a length-131 Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence and a Gold sequence for radio equipment-level (RE-level) scrambling; and radio front end circuitry, coupled to the processor circuitry, configured to transmit the WUS to a user equipment (UE) in a paging group associated with the WUS.
 16. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to generate the WUS as a 1-physical resource block (PRB) signal.
 17. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to generate the WUS as a 2-physical resource block (PRB) signal repeated over 2 continuous PRBs.
 18. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to: generate the WUS to occupy 11 symbols at an end of a subframe; and repeat over a number of repetitions the WUS, wherein the number of repetitions are configured via a scaling factor between a maximum WUS duration and a maximum repetition of a machine-type communications physical downlink control channel candidate (MPDCCH) for paging.
 19. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to generate a WUS sequence w(m) in a subframe x, wherein x=0, 1, . . . , M−1, and wherein M is an actual duration of the WUS and w(m) is defined by ${{w(m)} = {{\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} \cdot e^{- \frac{j\pi u{n{({n + 1})}}}{131}}}},{wherein}$ m = 0, 1, …  , 131 m^(′) = m + 132xn = m  mod 132 ${\theta_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( m^{\prime} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {1,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- 1},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \\ {j,{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 0}}} \\ {{- j},{{{if}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {2m^{\prime}} \right)}} = {{1\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{c_{n_{f},n_{s}}\left( {{2m^{\prime}} + 1} \right)}} = 1}}} \end{matrix}u} = {\left( {N_{ID}^{cell}{mod}\; 126} \right) + 3}} \right.$
 20. The BS of claim 19, wherein M is a transmitted number of machine-type communications WUS (MWUS) subframes or narrowband WUS subframes (NWUS), and wherein 1≤M≤M_(MWUSmax), wherein M_(MWUSmax) is the maximum number of MWUS subframes or NWUS subframes. 